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The development of European power markets is highly influenced by integrated electricity and heat systems. Therefore, decarbonization policies for the electricity and heat sectors, as well as numerical models that are used to guide such policies, should consider cross-sectoral interdependencies and need evaluation. Many model-based policy assessments evaluate potential benefits of combined heat and power. However, the extent of benefits, such as emissions reductions, found in existing studies is subject to considerable variations. While scenarios and model inputs may partly explain such variations, differences in results may also be related to the model formulation itself. Against this background, this study is the first to compare electricity market models in the context of potential benefits of integrated electricity and heat systems in decarbonization. Five large-scale market models covering electricity and heat supply were utilized to study the interactions between a rather simple coal replacement scenario and a more ambitious policy that supports decarbonization through power-to-heat. With a focus on flexibility provision, emissions reduction, and economic efficiency, although the models agree on the qualitative effects, there are considerable quantitative differences. For example, the estimated reductions in overall CO2 emissions range between 0.2 and 9.0 MtCO2/a for a coal replacement scenario and between 0.2 and 25.0 MtCO2/a for a power-to-heat scenario. Model differences can be attributed mainly to the level of detail of combined heat and power modeling and the endogeneity of generation investments. Based on a detailed comparison of the modeling results, implications for modeling choices and political decisions are discussed.
comparison approach 26.05.2022 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

An important share of Middle European countries’ energy consumption is used for space heating. The latter is determined by building energy efficiency, user practices, and floor space. Research and policy tend to focus on the first two factors and neglect the latter. In the German residential sector, per capita floor space has been increasing for decades, causing important rebound effects. Reducing per capita floor space by only 2 m2 could bring 6% savings in heat energy. Senior homeowners are a relevant target group. When grown-up children move out, they typically remain in the homes constructed for a family. 13% of all households in Germany belong to this group. Their average floor space is 70.6 m2 per capita, compared to the national average of 43.8 m2. These homes are often in need of modernization, and not very energy efficient or barrier-free. The paper presents first results of the transdisciplinary research project “LivingSpaces”, carried out in the district of Steinfurt in Western Germany. Its objective is to develop and assess policy instruments which support senior citizens in choosing housing alternatives that are both space-saving and suitable for their future needs – for example in terms of accessibility, energy efficiency, convenience, or community. Examples are moving to a smaller place, letting out parts of the home, or rebuilding the home so it can be shared with others. The paper will present results of a representative survey that systematically explores senior citizens’ attitudes towards various housing options. Furthermore, it will explain the communication approach that is at the heart of LivingSpaces and consists of several modules such as an awareness campaign, an innovative personal advice service “new housing in old age”, workshops, and setting up a support structure that helps with practical issues such as legal, financial or organizational questions.
Energiewende und Klimapolitik Publikationen Produkte & Stoffströme Bücher

The transition towards decarbonized energy systems requires the expansion of renewable and flexibility technologies in power sectors. Many powerful tools exist to find optimal capacity expansion. In a stylized comparison of six models, we evaluate the capacity expansion results of basic power sector technologies. The technologies under investigation include base- and peak load power plants, electricity storage, and transmission. We define four highly simplified and harmonized test cases that focus on the expansion of only one or two specific technologies to isolate their effects on model results. We find that deviating assumptions on limited availability factors of technologies cause technology-specific deviations between optimal capacity expansion in models in almost all test cases. Fixed energy-to-power ratios of storage can entirely change optimal expansion outcomes, especially shifting the ratio between short- and long-duration storage. Fixed initial and final-period storage levels can affect the seasonal use of long-duration storage. Models with a pre-ordered dispatch structure substantially deviate from linear optimization models, as missing foresight and limited flexibility can lead to higher capacity investments. A simplified net transfer capacity approach underestimates the need for grid infrastructure compared to a more detailed direct current load flow approach. We further find deviations in model results of optimal storage and transmission capacity expansion between regions, and link them to variable renewable energy generation and demand characteristics. We expect that the general effects identified in our stylized setting also hold in more detailed model applications, although they may be less visible there.
capacity expansion: A comparative study 30.04.2022 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Germany’s third largest state, Baden Württemberg, was the first to mandate the installation of renewable heating technologies in 2008. Owners of a heating system need to employ a minimum share of renewable energy of 15% of the heat demand when the heating system is replaced. Instead of employing a renewable heating system, the building owner can also opt for efficiency measures, including insulation of the building. A part of the obligation can be fulfilled by carrying out an energy audit based on an individual building roadmap. For the first time, the effects of the Renewable Heating Act Baden-Württemberg have been evaluated in detail, based on statistical analyses of the available verifications, on market observations, interviews with 1000 clients, 150 heating installers, 250 chimney sweepers, 50 building companies, clients of energy audits and various stakeholder workshops and interviews, leading to a model calculation of estimated savings of the law. The paper will present the empirical findings and investigate the various mechanisms of the renewable and efficiency requirement, including direct and indirect effects, trigger effects, windfall effects and wait-and-see attitudes. Overall, the law provides positive impetus for additional installations of renewable energies, more energy efficiency and advice. This effect results from the sum of different effects: through the explicit requirements, it provides an additional direct incentive to expand renewable energies and substitute measures. Indirectly, the law strengthens the involvement with renewable energies both in the consultation process with heating engineers and planners/architects and in the purchase decision of customers. Additional energy consulting is also encouraged. However, the positive market figures compared to the federal trend are not completely causally attributable to the EWärmeG.The paper will conclude with a set of improvements of the Act itself and the surrounding policy landscape.
building requirements 01.07.2019 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Energy sufficiency is one of the three energy sustainability strategies, next to energy efficiency and renewable energies. We analyse to what extent European governments follow this strategy, by conducting a systematic document analysis of all available European National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and Long-Term Strategies (LTSs). We collect and categorise a total of 230 sufficiency-related policy measures, finding large differences between countries. We find most sufficiency policies in the transport sector, when classifying also modal shift policies to change the service quality of transport as sufficiency policies. Types of sufficiency policy instruments vary considerably from sector to sector, for instance the focus on financial incentives and fiscal instruments in the mobility sector, information in the building sector, and financial incentive/tax instruments in cross-sectoral application. Regulatory instruments currently play a minor role for sufficiency policy in the national energy and climate plans of EU member states. Similar to energy efficiency in recent decades, sufficiency still largely referred to as micro-level individual behaviour change or necessary exogenous trends that will need to take place. It is not treated yet as a genuine field of policy action to provide the necessary framework for enabling societal change. Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 157, October 2021, 112483
and climate plans 01.10.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

We present results of two model based scenario analysis focussing on the future German power sector which is characterized by a rising share of renewable energies and an associated higher demand for flexibility. Case study 1 is based on a general comparison between a decentrally and a centrally orientated electricity system. The research question of case study 2 is whether flexibility should be centrally balanced by a national market-based dispatch or dispatched in a decentralized manner within regional balancing areas. The combined results of these two case studies offer the possibility to show the differences between a decentralized and a centralized electricity system regarding the dispatch of generation, storage and flexibility options as well as resulting effects on variable costs, CO2 emissions, grid usage and RE integration. Decentralization as control strategy leads to higher variable generation costs due to more expensive generation and less efficient flexibility options that come into the market, while the majority of demand and supply still needs a transmission grid for balancing. Koch M. et al. (2017) Dispatch of Flexibility Options, Grid Infrastructure and Integration of Renewable Energies Within a Decentralized Electricity System. In: Bertsch V., Fichtner W., Heuveline V., Leibfried T. (eds) Advances in Energy System Optimization. Trends in Mathematics. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51795-7_5
Publikationen Energiewende und Klimapolitik Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Given the challenges of future land use policies addressing sustainable natural resources management and socioeconomic aspects, the inter- and transdisciplinary GLOBALANDS (Global Land Use and Sustainability) project identified relevant international policy options, their synergies and possible implementation, and initiated and supported respective processes. GLOBALANDS identified also “windows of opportunity” to strengthen sustainable land use through international policies based on an extensive screening of the most important international policies – both governmental and non-governmental approaches – with relevant impacts on land use. Key processes which could strengthen global governance towards sustainable land use are:The proposed UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in which land is covered partially. Mainstreaming of sustainable land use in existing UN and international governance systems such as UN conventions to allow for more coherence Better safeguarding of sustainable land use in project-level financing of bi- and multilateral devel-opment agencies and bodies. The private sector can play an increasing role in the governance of sustainable land use, but this may require e.g., a certification system. GLOBALANDS developed a new (complementary) approach for land-related indicators which integrates environmental and social aspects through the formulation of sustainable land use practices for different actors, and regions. The application of such indicators is possible within the process of regionally or nationally implementing the SDGs.A final outcome of the GLOBALANDS project are policy recommendation for Germany policy to foster sustainable land use in the international governance system. Also, key open (research) questions were identified.
Sustainable Land Use Standard (GLOBALANDS) 03.10.2015 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

In der Debatte um Klimaschutz und Förderung erneuerbarer Energien wird eine verstärkte stoffliche und thermische Verwendung von Holz als vermeintlich klimaneutraler Baustoff und Energieträger häufig pauschal als sinnvoll propagiert. Die Umsetzung dieses Narrativs führt zu intensiverer Nutzung der Wälder sowie zum weiteren Anstieg des globalen Rohholzaufkommens bei gleichzeitiger Verminderung der Holzvorräte und trägt auch zum Schwund der letzten europäischen Urwälder bei. Der vorliegende zweite Teil eines literaturbasierten Diskussionsbeitrags zu Urwäldern, Naturwäldern und Wirtschaftswäldern im Kontext des Biodiversitäts- und des Klimaschutzes analysiert die Entwicklung der Holzvorräte und Holzverwendung in Deutschland und beleuchtet die CO2-Senkenleistung von Holz für die vorherrschenden Nutzungspfade. Dieser Komplex hat wichtige Rückkopplungen zu Anliegen des Biodiversitätsschutzes. Kritisch betrachtet werden die Klimarelevanz von Holz als Substitut für andere Ressourcen und die vermeintliche CO2-Neutralität von Holz als Energiequelle. Die klimapolitischen Ziele der EU und Deutschlands und deren instrumentelle Umsetzung überschätzen die Leistungsfähigkeit von Wäldern als CO2-Senke und die Lieferfähigkeit für die Ressource Holz. Dies gilt besonders in Anbetracht der Folgen des Klimawandels. Die Forderung an die Politik ist der Verzicht auf Holzeinschlag in Ur- und Naturwäldern und die Einführung entsprechender normativer Vorgaben sowie Kriterien, um die Stammholznutzung für energetische Zwecke einzuschränken. Dies gilt speziell für Importe von Pellets und Hackschnitzeln zur Verstromung in Großkraftwerken. Eine thermische Nutzung von Holz und kurzlebigen Holzprodukten führt gegenüber der fossilen Referenz meist nur zu geringen bis keinen Reduktionen der Treibhausgasemissionen. Stofflich nicht weiter verwertbares Holz, Restholz oder Sägenebenprodukte sollten thermisch und dann möglichst ortsnah in effizienten Anlagen eingesetzt werden. Holz, das in Form von lebenden Bäumen oder Totholz im Wald verbleibt, kann im Vergleich zur energetischen und ineffizienten stofflichen Verwertung einen mindestens ebenso hohen, oft sogar größeren Beitrag zum Klimaschutz leisten. Nicht maximaler Ertrag, sondern Walderhalt mit möglichst resistenten und resilienten Beständen muss das vorrangige Ziel der Forst- und Holzwirtschaft sein. Teil 1: Funktionen für die biologische Vielfalt und als Kohlenstoffsenke und -speicher finden Sie hier >> Click here for the English version >>
Klimaschutz – Teil 2: 31.12.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

In order to calculate the financial return of energy efficiency measures, a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is a proven tool for investors. Generally, however, most CBAs for investors have a narrow focus, which is — simply speaking — on investment costs compared with energy cost savings over the life span of the investment. This only provides part of the full picture. Ideally, a comprehensive or extended CBA would take additional benefits as well as additional costs into account. The objective of this paper is to reflect upon integrating into a CBA two important cost components: transaction costs and energy efficiency services — and how they interact. Even though this concept has not been carried out to the knowledge of the authors, we even go a step further to try to apply this idea. In so doing, we carried out a meta-analysis on relevant literature and existing data and interviewed a limited number of energy experts with comprehensive experience in carrying out energy services. Even though data is hardly available, we succeeded in constructing three real-world cases and applied an extended CBA making use of information gathered on transaction costs and energy services costs. We were able to show that, despite these additional cost components, the energy efficiency measures are economically viable. Quantitative data was not available on how energy services reduce transaction costs; more information on this aspect could render our results even more positive. Even though empirical and conceptual research must intensify efforts to design an even more comprehensive CBA, these first-of-its-kind findings can counterargue those that believe energy efficiency is not worth it (in monetary terms) due to transaction costs or energy services costs. In fact, this is good news for energy efficiency and for those that seek to make use of our findings to argue in favor of taking up energy efficiency investments in businesses
Cost–Benefit Analysis 30.12.2020 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The energy crisis following the Russian invasion of Ukraine has prompted affected countries to increase efforts to save energy. Despite substantial energy conservation observed across sectors, research has inadequately explored the reasons behind these savings. This study bridges this gap by analyzing the discourse on energy conservation during the crisis in Germany, using Twitter data. We analyse a set of 136,837 tweets from January 2022 until May 2023. The analysis consists of two approaches based on natural language processing (NLP): First, we conduct word counts within the days with high tweet activity related to energy saving to identify specific triggers. For a broader quantitative analysis, we then use text classification to categorize the data set into different aspects as well as different stances and investigate how these evolve during the crisis. Our results show a heightened focus on energy conservation in the Twitter debate during the crisis, reflected in an increase of the average monthly tweets
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