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Transformationspfade zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem beruhen meist auf modellbasierten Szenarien. In den Szenarien müssen gesellschaftliche Prozesse und deren Interaktion mit technologischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Aspekten betrachtet werden. Dies setzt u. a. eine Integration zentraler Stakeholder-Positionen in die Szenarien voraus. Hierzu präsentieren wir Ansätze aus zwei Forschungsprojekten: Der erste Ansatz identifiziert gesellschaftliche Leitmotive der Energiewende und analysiert, in welchen technisch-ökonomischen Transformationspfaden diese realisiert werden können. Der zweite Ansatz setzt auf eine partizipative Entwicklung von Storylines, um eine verbesserte Legitimation und Kommunikation von Transformationspfaden zu erreichen. Wir diskutieren die Herangehensweisen beider Ansätze, die Positionen von Stakeholdern methodisch zu erfassen und mit technisch-ökonomischen Perspektiven zur Energiesystemtransformation zu verknüpfen.
Leitmotive und Storylines der Energiewende 23.10.2019 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The 24th international climate conference in Katowice, Poland, in December 2018 was a major achievement in the multilateral response to climate change. More than 190 countries managed to agree on nearly all elements of a comprehensive rulebook that puts flesh on the bones of the 2015 Paris Agreement. The rules require, for the first time, that all countries provide detailed information on their climate change mitigation targets and regularly report on their progress in implementing and achieving them. However, one important chapter is still missing: rules for international carbon markets discussed under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Competing views on how to avoid “double counting”—counting the same emission reduction more than once to achieve climate mitigation targets—were a major roadblock to reaching consensus. Completing the missing chapter on Article 6 will be one of the key tasks when countries reconvene at the 25th international climate conference in Santiago, Chile, in December of this year. We highlight why resolving double counting is critical for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and identify essential ingredients for a robust outcome that ensures environmental effectiveness and facilitates cost-effective mitigation. Science  11 Oct 2019: Vol. 366, Issue 6462, pp. 180-183 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8750 
counting and the Paris Agreement rulebook 11.10.2019 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The Paris Agreement establishes provisions for using international carbon market mechanisms to achieve climate mitigation contributions. Environmental integrity is a key principle for using such mechanisms under the Agreement. This paper systematically identifies and categorizes issues and options to achieve environmental integrity, including how it could be defined, what influences it, and what approaches could mitigate environmental integrity risks. Here, environmental integrity is assumed to be ensured if the engagement in international transfers of carbon market units leads to the same or lower aggregated global emissions. Four factors are identified that influence environmental integrity: the accounting for international transfers; the quality of units generated, i.e. whether the mechanism ensures that the issuance or transfer of units leads to emission reductions in the transferring country; the ambition and scope of the mitigation target of the transferring country; and incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action, such as possible disincentives for transferring countries to define future mitigation targets less ambitiously or more narrowly in order to sell more units. It is recommended that policy-makers combine several approaches to address the significant risks to environmental integrity.
mechanisms under the Paris Agreement 21.09.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

An increasing number of countries employ net-zero decarbonization targets in their climate policies, which requires decarbonizing socio-technical systems like the energy system by mid-century. While there is a high level of agreement about net-zero targets, there remains great uncertainty as to how to meet them. At the same time, the challenges of building a new system that fulfils systemic targets such as net-zero are insufficiently reflected on in the sustainability transitions literature. With the help of a literature review building on theories of socio-technical transitions, this paper introduces system building dimensions that account for the difficulties of net-zero transitions. We identify four such dimensions: (1) competing potential system configurations with different sustainability implications; (2) a broad range of complementary system elements needed; (3) lock-ins and path dependencies in the system building process; and (4) the politics of system building. We offer the German energy transition
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The global loss of fertile soils is widely recognized as one of the most pressing environmental and social problems of the next decades. Against this backdrop, political action is urgently needed to promote the sustainable use and management of soil, both domestically and at the international level. While particularly international soil policy has been neglected for decades, land and soil degradation have started to gain some international political momentum in recent years. This paper analyses how the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as a key multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) within international environmental law contributes to the international governance of sustainable soil use. Firstly, we give a brief overview of the international governance of soil sustainability to date, locating the role of the CBD in this context. Secondly, we elaborate on how the CBD deals with soil (biodiversity) issues—e.g., in its Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets, through principles for the sustainable use of biodiversity, the CBD’s Ecosystem Approach as well as the International Soil Biodiversity Initiative. In the discussion, we highlight the value and shortcomings of the soil topic under the CBD. We also develop options on how sustainable soil management could be strengthened within the CBD and through the CBD. We conclude that the CBD can indeed contribute to the political promotion of sustainable soil use but that presently there are few incentives for CBD parties to push the process forward. Also, to be effective, the CBD is dependent on meaningful progress in international politics on the broader topic of sustainable land use.
Soils: Status and Future Options 15.02.2017 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Putting sustainable consumption into practice is a challenge that requires the effort and coordination of numerous societal domains and actors. The paper deals with the contribution of policy making and policy evaluation. More specifically, it addresses the question of how to evaluate the effectiveness of policy instruments dedicated to rendering household consumption more sustainable. Despite the extensive literature on instrument effectiveness, sustainability assessment, and consumer behaviour, only a few accounts deal with the specific characteristics and impacts of policy instruments for sustainable consumption. Against this backdrop, a framework is suggested for the ex post analysis of effects resulting from such policy instruments. Instrument effects include changes in consumption patterns (“outcomes”), subsequent changes in the state of the environment, society and/or economy (“impacts”), and side effects. Step-by-step guidance is provided through the evaluation process. The approach helps to assess the extent to which sustainable consumption policy instruments have achieved their stated goals, but also encourages a critical reflection of these goals. In addition to evaluating instrument effects, the framework serves to explain these effects. It does so on the basis of theoretically grounded hypotheses that tackle drivers of and barriers to instrument effectiveness, thus exploring this relatively new policy field. Methodologically, a combination of qualitative methods (narrative reconstruction) and quantitative methods (e.g., material flow analysis) is recommended to causally link policies to changes in consumption patterns and impacts on sustainability.
Evaluation of Sustainable Consumption 09.01.2011 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

International carbon markets can be an important tool in achieving countries’ mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement, but they are subject to a number of environmental integrity risks. An important risk is that some countries have mitigation targets that correspond to higher levels of emissions than independent projections of their likely emissions. If such ‘hot air’ can be transferred to other countries, it could increase aggregated emissions and create a perverse incentive for countries not to enhance the ambition of future mitigation targets. Limits to international transfers of mitigation outcomes have been proposed to address this risk. This article proposes a typology for such limits, explores key design options, and tests different types of limits in the context of 15 countries. Our analysis indicates that limits to international transfers could, if designed appropriately, prevent most of the hot air contained in current mitigation targets from being transferred, but also involve trade-offs between different policy objectives. Given the risks from international transfer of hot air and the uncertainty over whether other approaches will be effective in ensuring environmental integrity, we recommend that countries take a cautious approach and pursue a portfolio of approaches to ensure environmental integrity, in which case limits could provide for additional safeguards.
under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 08.11.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Proceedings of the INMM & ESARDA Joint Virtual Annual Meeting August 23-26  &  August 30-September 1, 2021. Extracting transuranic elements from nuclear waste (partitioning – P) to burn them in dedicated nuclear reactors (transmutation – T) essentially holds the promise of reducing the one-millionyear risk of highly radioactive nuclear waste disposal. That would solve one of the main conundrums of nuclear energy production. Here, we argue that P&T will not significantly change the safety requirements and risks of geologic disposal for spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste. We will assess the maturity of P&T technologies such as reactors, separation technologies and fuel fabrication plants. A sensitivity analysis will be presented on the time scale and effects of a P&T treatment of nuclear waste fuel cycle choices like fast reactor, molten salt reactors or accelerator driven systems. This will include an estimate of the number of required fuel cycle facilities, and the composition of the final waste stream, depending on separation and transmutation efficiency, irradiation and cooling down times and the build-up of problematic fission products with very long half-lives. We compare homogeneous P&T strategies with improved proliferation resistance and heterogeneous P&T strategies with different actinides being treated separately in a more flexible fuel cycle design.
disposal 01.09.2021 Publikationen Nukleartechnik & Anlagensicherheit Bücher

Under the Paris Agreement, most countries have communicated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with mitigation targets for a single year. Single-year targets present considerable challenges when countries use international carbon markets to achieve their NDCs. This paper assesses the environmental integrity implications of the two options that countries with single-year targets can use to account for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: averaging and multi-year approaches. To assess the implications of these options, the paper considers a variety of scenarios for how two countries might engage with Article 6 and assesses how the choice of the accounting approach may affect aggregated emissions from the two countries. The paper finds that aggregated emissions could increase, decrease or remain unaffected, depending on: which of the two accounting approaches is chosen by the transferring and the acquiring country; whether the generation or use of ITMOs decreases, increases, or keeps constant over time; whether the countries’ emissions in the target year are representative for the countries’ emissions trend; and what course of action countries take in the case of a possible over- or under-achievement of their NDC targets.
single-year targets 19.12.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Bereits seit knapp 20 Jahren führt das Öko-Institut eine Umfrage unter den in Deutschland tätigen BHKW-Unternehmen durch. So wurden auch in diesem Jahr erneut gemeinsam mit E&M der Absatz für das letzte sowie eine Prognose für das aktuelle Kalenderjahr abgefragt. Das Ziel der Absatzumfrage ist es, die aktuellen Entwicklungen auf dem BHKW-Markt für die in Deutschland verkauften und die für den Export bestimmten Anlagen abzubilden. Das ist insbesondere wichtig, um die Bewegungen im Energiesektor in diesem Segment darzustellen. Durch die jährliche Durchführung der Umfrage zeigen sich zeitnah die Auswirkungen von Novellierungen des Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetzes oder von Förderprogrammen wie dem „Zuschuss für Brennstoffzellen“ der KfW. Da die Registrierungspflicht in das Marktstammdatenregister von neuen und älteren KWK-Anlagen erst 2021 greift, können außerdem vorhandene Lücken in der statistischen Erfassung von kleinen Strom- und Wärmeerzeugungsanlagen geschlossen werden.
verschiebt BHKW Projekte 18.11.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher