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Green hydrogen can help to decarbonize parts of the transportation sector, but its power sector interactions are not well understood so far. It may contribute to integrating variable renewable energy sources if production is sufficiently flexible in time. Using an open-source co-optimization model of the power sector and four options for supplying hydrogen at German filling stations, we find a trade-off between energy efficiency and temporal flexibility. For lower shares of renewables and hydrogen, more energy-efficient and less flexible small-scale on-site electrolysis is optimal. For higher shares of renewables and/or hydrogen, more flexible but less energy-efficient large-scale hydrogen supply chains gain importance, as they allow to temporally disentangle hydrogen production from demand via storage. Liquid hydrogen emerges as particularly beneficial, followed by liquid organic hydrogen carriers and gaseous hydrogen. Large-scale hydrogen supply chains can deliver substantial power sector benefits, mainly through reduced renewable curtailment. Energy modelers and system planners should consider the distinct flexibility characteristics of hydrogen supply chains in more detail when assessing the role of green hydrogen in future energy transition scenarios. We also propose two alternative cost and emission metrics which could be useful in future analyses. Published in: Scientific Reports, Article 14191 (2021) DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92511-6
power sector benefits of green hydrogen 09.07.2021 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Um die Kreislaufführung von Kunststoffen zu fördern, wurden in dem hier vorgestellten Projekt verschiedene Instrumente geprüft, mit denen die Nachfrage nach Kunststoffrezyklaten erhöht werden kann. Während Abfälle aus der Produktion und der Verarbeitung von Kunststoffen bereits weitestgehend ins Recycling gehen, gibt es beim Recycling von Endverbraucherabfällen noch erhebliche Steigerungspotenziale. Zugleich ist gerade das Recycling von Endverbraucherabfällen, unter anderem aufgrund ihrer Heterogenität, eine deutlich größere Herausforderung, so dass speziell hier Instrumente gebraucht werden, die eine Steigerung fördern. In den Betrachtungsrahmen wurden aus den genannten Gründen nur Rezyklate einbezogen, die aus Endverbraucherabfällen stammen (Post-Consumer Rezyklat, PCR). Eine Möglichkeit der Förderung des Recyclings und der Nachfrage nach Kunststoffrezyklaten stellen Rezyklateinsatzquoten dar. Dafür wurden produktspezifische PCR-Einsatzquoten für Kunststoffe geprüft und für ausgewählte Produkte konkrete Quotenhöhen vorgeschlagen. Mit der polymerspezifischen Substitutionsquote wurde eine weitere Möglichkeit der Quotenvorgabe untersucht und damit verbundene Fragestellungen beleuchtet. Abschließend erfolgte ein Vergleich beider Quotenvorgaben, wobei sich diese nicht gegenseitig ausschließen, sondern auch komplementär eingesetzt werden können.
Publikationen Ressourcen & Mobilität Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

District heating can play a decisive role in the transformation to a climate-neutral building sector, replacing fossil fuels. Renewable and excess heat potentials for district heating are often spatially limited and a consistent EU-wide analysis of the potentials is not yet available. In this paper, we quantify the renewable and excess heat potentials that could supply future district heating areas for the entire EU. We combine different data sets with a high spatial resolution and conduct spatial matching. Subsequently, we cluster the results for the potentials for individual district heating areas to derive representative types. The results show that the renewable and excess heat potentials together with heat pumps are overall sufficient to supply the future district heating demand, with high technical potentials from geothermal heat and excess heat from wastewater treatment plants. Decreasing the system temperatures increases the amount of available potentials. The character and lower heat densities of the
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Die dringende Transformation unseres Energiesystems hin zu einer nachhaltigen Infrastruktur der Daseinsvorsorge scheitert in der regionalen Umsetzung regelmäßig an raumbezogenen und gesellschaftlichen Anforderungen des ländlichen Raums. In diesem Beitrag werden amBeispiel eines transdisziplinären Projektes Dilemmata in der partizipativen Umsetzung der regionalen Energiewende identifiziert und Gelingensbedingungen einer raumsensiblen Energiewende-Governance formuliert. Wie mit dem entwickelten Governance-Ansatz zur „Co-Transformation“ gezeigt wird, können kontextsensitive Partizipationsformen der Co-Regulierung, Co-Allokation und Co-Visionierung zur Verfahrens-, Verteilungs- sowie Zukunftsgerechtigkeit und damit zur Akzeptabilität der regionalen Energiewende als Daseinsvorsorgeinfrastruktur im ländlichen Raum beitragen. Zentrale Maßnahmenfelder sind dabei ergebnisoffene und regional angepasste Formen der Mitwirkung durch die Co-Regulierung im Planungsprozess, Ansätze zur räumlichen Co-Allokation energiewendeb
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This paper investigates small-scale decentralised markets in the German electricity system. In our case decentralised markets are defined as regions in which regional electricity demand is met primarily by regional generators. The research question is twofold. Firstly, how does the size of decentralised markets have an impact on indicators like CO2 emissions, variable costs or transmission grid extension. Secondly, which effects on these indicators can be observed if only power plants of a certain size or technology are allowed to take part in the decentralised markets.
energy transition 24.05.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

An increasing number of countries employ net-zero decarbonization targets in their climate policies, which requires decarbonizing socio-technical systems like the energy system by mid-century. While there is a high level of agreement about net-zero targets, there remains great uncertainty as to how to meet them. At the same time, the challenges of building a new system that fulfils systemic targets such as net-zero are insufficiently reflected on in the sustainability transitions literature. With the help of a literature review building on theories of socio-technical transitions, this paper introduces system building dimensions that account for the difficulties of net-zero transitions. We identify four such dimensions: (1) competing potential system configurations with different sustainability implications; (2) a broad range of complementary system elements needed; (3) lock-ins and path dependencies in the system building process; and (4) the politics of system building. We offer the German energy transition
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The global loss of fertile soils is widely recognized as one of the most pressing environmental and social problems of the next decades. Against this backdrop, political action is urgently needed to promote the sustainable use and management of soil, both domestically and at the international level. While particularly international soil policy has been neglected for decades, land and soil degradation have started to gain some international political momentum in recent years. This paper analyses how the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as a key multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) within international environmental law contributes to the international governance of sustainable soil use. Firstly, we give a brief overview of the international governance of soil sustainability to date, locating the role of the CBD in this context. Secondly, we elaborate on how the CBD deals with soil (biodiversity) issues—e.g., in its Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets, through principles for the sustainable use of biodiversity, the CBD’s Ecosystem Approach as well as the International Soil Biodiversity Initiative. In the discussion, we highlight the value and shortcomings of the soil topic under the CBD. We also develop options on how sustainable soil management could be strengthened within the CBD and through the CBD. We conclude that the CBD can indeed contribute to the political promotion of sustainable soil use but that presently there are few incentives for CBD parties to push the process forward. Also, to be effective, the CBD is dependent on meaningful progress in international politics on the broader topic of sustainable land use.
Soils: Status and Future Options 15.02.2017 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Putting sustainable consumption into practice is a challenge that requires the effort and coordination of numerous societal domains and actors. The paper deals with the contribution of policy making and policy evaluation. More specifically, it addresses the question of how to evaluate the effectiveness of policy instruments dedicated to rendering household consumption more sustainable. Despite the extensive literature on instrument effectiveness, sustainability assessment, and consumer behaviour, only a few accounts deal with the specific characteristics and impacts of policy instruments for sustainable consumption. Against this backdrop, a framework is suggested for the ex post analysis of effects resulting from such policy instruments. Instrument effects include changes in consumption patterns (“outcomes”), subsequent changes in the state of the environment, society and/or economy (“impacts”), and side effects. Step-by-step guidance is provided through the evaluation process. The approach helps to assess the extent to which sustainable consumption policy instruments have achieved their stated goals, but also encourages a critical reflection of these goals. In addition to evaluating instrument effects, the framework serves to explain these effects. It does so on the basis of theoretically grounded hypotheses that tackle drivers of and barriers to instrument effectiveness, thus exploring this relatively new policy field. Methodologically, a combination of qualitative methods (narrative reconstruction) and quantitative methods (e.g., material flow analysis) is recommended to causally link policies to changes in consumption patterns and impacts on sustainability.
Evaluation of Sustainable Consumption 09.01.2011 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

International carbon markets can be an important tool in achieving countries’ mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement, but they are subject to a number of environmental integrity risks. An important risk is that some countries have mitigation targets that correspond to higher levels of emissions than independent projections of their likely emissions. If such ‘hot air’ can be transferred to other countries, it could increase aggregated emissions and create a perverse incentive for countries not to enhance the ambition of future mitigation targets. Limits to international transfers of mitigation outcomes have been proposed to address this risk. This article proposes a typology for such limits, explores key design options, and tests different types of limits in the context of 15 countries. Our analysis indicates that limits to international transfers could, if designed appropriately, prevent most of the hot air contained in current mitigation targets from being transferred, but also involve trade-offs between different policy objectives. Given the risks from international transfer of hot air and the uncertainty over whether other approaches will be effective in ensuring environmental integrity, we recommend that countries take a cautious approach and pursue a portfolio of approaches to ensure environmental integrity, in which case limits could provide for additional safeguards.
under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 08.11.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The Paris Agreement establishes provisions for using international carbon market mechanisms to achieve climate mitigation contributions. Environmental integrity is a key principle for using such mechanisms under the Agreement. This paper systematically identifies and categorizes issues and options to achieve environmental integrity, including how it could be defined, what influences it, and what approaches could mitigate environmental integrity risks. Here, environmental integrity is assumed to be ensured if the engagement in international transfers of carbon market units leads to the same or lower aggregated global emissions. Four factors are identified that influence environmental integrity: the accounting for international transfers; the quality of units generated, i.e. whether the mechanism ensures that the issuance or transfer of units leads to emission reductions in the transferring country; the ambition and scope of the mitigation target of the transferring country; and incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action, such as possible disincentives for transferring countries to define future mitigation targets less ambitiously or more narrowly in order to sell more units. It is recommended that policy-makers combine several approaches to address the significant risks to environmental integrity.
mechanisms under the Paris Agreement 21.09.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher