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Um die Kreislaufführung von Kunststoffen zu fördern, wurden in dem hier vorgestellten Projekt verschiedene Instrumente geprüft, mit denen die Nachfrage nach Kunststoffrezyklaten erhöht werden kann. Während Abfälle aus der Produktion und der Verarbeitung von Kunststoffen bereits weitestgehend ins Recycling gehen, gibt es beim Recycling von Endverbraucherabfällen noch erhebliche Steigerungspotenziale. Zugleich ist gerade das Recycling von Endverbraucherabfällen, unter anderem aufgrund ihrer Heterogenität, eine deutlich größere Herausforderung, so dass speziell hier Instrumente gebraucht werden, die eine Steigerung fördern. In den Betrachtungsrahmen wurden aus den genannten Gründen nur Rezyklate einbezogen, die aus Endverbraucherabfällen stammen (Post-Consumer Rezyklat, PCR). Eine Möglichkeit der Förderung des Recyclings und der Nachfrage nach Kunststoffrezyklaten stellen Rezyklateinsatzquoten dar. Dafür wurden produktspezifische PCR-Einsatzquoten für Kunststoffe geprüft und für ausgewählte Produkte konkrete Quotenhöhen vorgeschlagen. Mit der polymerspezifischen Substitutionsquote wurde eine weitere Möglichkeit der Quotenvorgabe untersucht und damit verbundene Fragestellungen beleuchtet. Abschließend erfolgte ein Vergleich beider Quotenvorgaben, wobei sich diese nicht gegenseitig ausschließen, sondern auch komplementär eingesetzt werden können.
Publikationen Ressourcen & Mobilität Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

International carbon markets can be an important tool in achieving countries’ mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement, but they are subject to a number of environmental integrity risks. An important risk is that some countries have mitigation targets that correspond to higher levels of emissions than independent projections of their likely emissions. If such ‘hot air’ can be transferred to other countries, it could increase aggregated emissions and create a perverse incentive for countries not to enhance the ambition of future mitigation targets. Limits to international transfers of mitigation outcomes have been proposed to address this risk. This article proposes a typology for such limits, explores key design options, and tests different types of limits in the context of 15 countries. Our analysis indicates that limits to international transfers could, if designed appropriately, prevent most of the hot air contained in current mitigation targets from being transferred, but also involve trade-offs between different policy objectives. Given the risks from international transfer of hot air and the uncertainty over whether other approaches will be effective in ensuring environmental integrity, we recommend that countries take a cautious approach and pursue a portfolio of approaches to ensure environmental integrity, in which case limits could provide for additional safeguards.
under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 08.11.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

International carbon markets can be an important tool in achieving countries’ mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement, but they are subject to a number of environmental integrity risks. An important risk is that some countries have mitigation targets that correspond to higher levels of emissions than independent projections of their likely emissions. If such ‘hot air’ can be transferred to other countries, it could increase aggregated emissions and create a perverse incentive for countries not to enhance the ambition of future mitigation targets. Limits to international transfers of mitigation outcomes have been proposed to address this risk. This article proposes a typology for such limits, explores key design options, and tests different types of limits in the context of 15 countries. Our analysis indicates that limits to international transfers could, if designed appropriately, prevent most of the hot air contained in current mitigation targets from being transferred, but also involve trade-offs between different policy objectives. Given the risks from international transfer of hot air and the uncertainty over whether other approaches will be effective in ensuring environmental integrity, we recommend that countries take a cautious approach and pursue a portfolio of approaches to ensure environmental integrity, in which case limits could provide for additional safeguards.
under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 08.11.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The Paris Agreement establishes provisions for using international carbon market mechanisms to achieve climate mitigation contributions. Environmental integrity is a key principle for using such mechanisms under the Agreement. This paper systematically identifies and categorizes issues and options to achieve environmental integrity, including how it could be defined, what influences it, and what approaches could mitigate environmental integrity risks. Here, environmental integrity is assumed to be ensured if the engagement in international transfers of carbon market units leads to the same or lower aggregated global emissions. Four factors are identified that influence environmental integrity: the accounting for international transfers; the quality of units generated, i.e. whether the mechanism ensures that the issuance or transfer of units leads to emission reductions in the transferring country; the ambition and scope of the mitigation target of the transferring country; and incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action, such as possible disincentives for transferring countries to define future mitigation targets less ambitiously or more narrowly in order to sell more units. It is recommended that policy-makers combine several approaches to address the significant risks to environmental integrity.
mechanisms under the Paris Agreement 21.09.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Addressing climate change demands a varied policy toolkit, ranging from supportive measures to more assertive interventions. However, the latter, especially when impacting consumers’ daily lives, often face public opposition. Current research mainly investigates personal or country-level characteristics and personal perceptions that are beyond the direct influence of policymakers, offering limited insight into enhancing the acceptability of specific policy instruments within a given societal context. Acceptability factors that policy-makers can directly influence have received less attention and mostly in single-case or single-factor studies. This perspective article critiques the current state of knowledge and calls for a surge in research on ‘governable acceptability factors’. It introduces them as a key category for future research, proposes a definition, and outlines research needs and questions concerning four sub-categories of such factors: policy instrument characteristics, temporal aspects, actor invo
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Transformationspfade zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem beruhen meist auf modellbasierten Szenarien. In den Szenarien müssen gesellschaftliche Prozesse und deren Interaktion mit technologischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Aspekten betrachtet werden. Dies setzt u. a. eine Integration zentraler Stakeholder-Positionen in die Szenarien voraus. Hierzu präsentieren wir Ansätze aus zwei Forschungsprojekten: Der erste Ansatz identifiziert gesellschaftliche Leitmotive der Energiewende und analysiert, in welchen technisch-ökonomischen Transformationspfaden diese realisiert werden können. Der zweite Ansatz setzt auf eine partizipative Entwicklung von Storylines, um eine verbesserte Legitimation und Kommunikation von Transformationspfaden zu erreichen. Wir diskutieren die Herangehensweisen beider Ansätze, die Positionen von Stakeholdern methodisch zu erfassen und mit technisch-ökonomischen Perspektiven zur Energiesystemtransformation zu verknüpfen.
Leitmotive und Storylines der Energiewende 23.10.2019 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Energiesparen ist durch den Krieg in der Ukraine das Gebot der Stunde, um uns unabhängig von russischen Energieträgern zu machen; vor Kriegsbeginn spielte dieses Thema keine allzu große Rolle in der breiteren politischen Diskussion. In Szenarien und Strategien, wie mittel- und langfristige Klimaziele erreicht werden könnten, gewann das Thema Energiesparen durch Energiesuffizienz in den vergangenen Jahren hingegen immer mehr an Bedeutung, wobei die technischen Strategien Effizienz und Konsistenz, also die Umstellung auf erneuerbare Energien, noch immer maßgebend sind. In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir, welche Rolle das Senken des Energieverbrauches spielt, um Klimaziele zu erreichen, und warum dies eine geeignete Möglichkeit ist, multiple Krisen gleichzeitig zu lösen. In Hinblick darauf ist Energiesuffizienz unabdingbarer Bestandteil möglicher Lösungsstrategien. Außerdem skizzieren wir, welche kurz-, mittel- und langfristigen Politikinstrumente derzeit diskutiert werden, und ergänzen dies um weitere Ideen zu Einsparpotenzialen sowie um Umsetzungsbeispiele.
Gebot der Stunde 11.11.2022 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Under the Paris Agreement, most countries have communicated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with mitigation targets for a single year. Single-year targets present considerable challenges when countries use international carbon markets to achieve their NDCs. This paper assesses the environmental integrity implications of the two options that countries with single-year targets can use to account for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: averaging and multi-year approaches. To assess the implications of these options, the paper considers a variety of scenarios for how two countries might engage with Article 6 and assesses how the choice of the accounting approach may affect aggregated emissions from the two countries. The paper finds that aggregated emissions could increase, decrease or remain unaffected, depending on: which of the two accounting approaches is chosen by the transferring and the acquiring country; whether the generation or use of ITMOs decreases, increases, or keeps constant over time; whether the countries’ emissions in the target year are representative for the countries’ emissions trend; and what course of action countries take in the case of a possible over- or under-achievement of their NDC targets.
single-year targets 19.12.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

There is substantial research interest in how future fleets of battery-electric vehicles will interact with the power sector. Various types of energy models are used for respective analyses. they depend on meaningful input parameters, in particular time series of vehicle mobility, driving electricity consumption, grid availability, or grid electricity demand. as the availability of such data is highly limited, we introduce the open-source tool emobpy. Based on mobility statistics, physical properties of battery-electric vehicles, and other customizable assumptions, it derives time series data that can readily be used in a wide range of model applications. For an illustration, we create and characterize 200 vehicle profiles for Germany. Depending on the hour of the day, a fleet of one million vehicles has a median grid availability between 5 and 7 gigawatts, as vehicles are parking most of the time. Four exemplary grid electricity demand time series illustrate the smoothing effect of balanced charging strategies. Published in: Scientific Data 8, Article Number 151 doi: doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00932
time series from empirical data, emobpy 08.07.2021 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

An increasing number of countries employ net-zero decarbonization targets in their climate policies, which requires decarbonizing socio-technical systems like the energy system by mid-century. While there is a high level of agreement about net-zero targets, there remains great uncertainty as to how to meet them. At the same time, the challenges of building a new system that fulfils systemic targets such as net-zero are insufficiently reflected on in the sustainability transitions literature. With the help of a literature review building on theories of socio-technical transitions, this paper introduces system building dimensions that account for the difficulties of net-zero transitions. We identify four such dimensions: (1) competing potential system configurations with different sustainability implications; (2) a broad range of complementary system elements needed; (3) lock-ins and path dependencies in the system building process; and (4) the politics of system building. We offer the German energy transition
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